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Compare Sao Tome and Principe (2001) - Arctic Ocean (2001)

Compare Sao Tome and Principe (2001) z Arctic Ocean (2001)

 Sao Tome and Principe (2001)Arctic Ocean (2001)
 Sao Tome and PrincipeArctic Ocean
Administrative divisions 2 provinces; Principe, Sao Tome

note:
Principe has had self-government since 29 April 1995		 -
Age structure 0-14 years:
47.7% (male 39,857; female 38,859)

15-64 years:
48.28% (male 38,430; female 41,246)

65 years and over:
4.02% (male 3,034; female 3,608) (2001 est.)		 -
Agriculture - products cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, copra, cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas, papayas, beans; poultry; fish -
Airports 2 (2000 est.) -
Airports - with paved runways total:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
1 (2000 est.)		 -
Area total:
1,001 sq km

land:
1,001 sq km

water:
0 sq km		 total:
14.056 million sq km

note:
includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative more than five times the size of Washington, DC slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US
Background Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late 15th century, the islands' sugar-based economy gave way to coffee and cocoa in the 19th century - all grown with plantation slave labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th century. Although independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not instituted until the late 1980s. The first free elections were held in 1991. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean.
Birth rate 42.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) -
Budget revenues:
$58 million

expenditures:
$114 million, including capital expenditures of $54 million (1993 est.)		 -
Capital Sao Tome -
Climate tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Coastline 209 km 45,389 km
Constitution approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990 -
Country name conventional long form:
Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe

conventional short form:
Sao Tome and Principe

local long form:
Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe

local short form:
Sao Tome e Principe		 -
Currency dobra (STD) -
Death rate 7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) -
Debt - external $268 million (2000) -
Diplomatic representation from the US the US does not have an embassy in Sao Tome and Principe; the Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands -
Diplomatic representation in the US Sao Tome and Principe does not have an embassy in the US, but does have a Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by First Secretary Domingos Augusto FERREIRA, located at 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604, New York, NY 10168, telephone [1] (212) 317-0533 -
Disputes - international none some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Economic aid - recipient $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program -
Economy - overview This small poor island economy has become increasingly dependent on cocoa since independence 25 years ago. However, cocoa production has substantially declined because of drought and mismanagement. The resulting shortage of cocoa for export has created a persistent balance-of-payments problem. Sao Tome has to import all fuels, most manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a significant amount of food. Over the years, it has been unable to service its external debt and has had to depend on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. Sao Tome benefited from $200 million in debt relief in December 2000 under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also has attempted to reduce price controls and subsidies, but economic growth has remained sluggish. Sao Tome is also optimistic that significant petroleum discoveries are forthcoming in its territorial waters in the oil-rich waters of the Gulf of Guinea. Corruption scandals continue to weaken the economy. At the same time, progress in the economic reform program has attracted international financial institutions' support, and GDP growth will likely rise to at least 4% in 2001-02. Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.
Electricity - consumption 15.8 million kWh (1999) -
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production 17 million kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
41.18%

hydro:
58.82%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)		 -
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m		 lowest point:
Fram Basin -4,665 m

highest point:
sea level 0 m
Environment - current issues deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements		 -
Ethnic groups mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese) -
Exchange rates dobras per US dollar - 2390.04 (December 2000), 7,119.0 (1999), 6,883.2 (1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996) -
Executive branch chief of state:
President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)

head of government:
Prime Minister Guilherma Posser da COSTA (since 30 December 1998)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 30 June and 21 July 1996 (next to be held NA July 2001); prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the president

election results:
Miguel TROVOADA reelected president in Sao Tome's second multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - Miguel TROVOADA 52.74%, Manuel Pinto da COSTA 47.26%		 -
Exports $3.2 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) -
Exports - commodities cocoa 90%, copra, coffee, palm oil -
Exports - partners Netherlands 18%, Germany 9%, Portugal 9% (1998) -
Fiscal year calendar year -
Flag description three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia -
GDP purchasing power parity - $178 million (2000 est.) -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
23%

industry:
19%

services:
58% (1997 est.)		 -
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.) -
GDP - real growth rate 3% (2000 est.) -
Geographic coordinates 1 00 N, 7 00 E 90 00 N, 0 00 E
Geography - note - major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months
Highways total:
320 km

paved:
218 km

unpaved:
102 km (1996)		 -
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%		 -
Imports $40 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) -
Imports - commodities machinery and electrical equipment, food products, petroleum products -
Imports - partners Portugal 42%, US 20%, South Africa 6% (1998) -
Independence 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) -
Industrial production growth rate NA% -
Industries light construction, textiles, soap, beer; fish processing; timber -
Infant mortality rate 48.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) -
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 5% (2000 est.) -
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) -
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 2 (2000) -
Irrigated land 100 sq km (1993 est.) -
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly) -
Labor force NA -
Labor force - by occupation population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing

note:
shortages of skilled workers		 -
Land boundaries 0 km -
Land use arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
36%

permanent pastures:
1%

forests and woodland:
0%

other:
61% (1993 est.)		 -
Languages Portuguese (official) -
Legal system based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (55 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 8 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2003)

election results:
percent of vote by party - MLSTP-PSD 56%, PCD 14.5%, ADI 29%; seats by party - MLSTP-PSD 31, ADI 16, PCD 8		 -
Life expectancy at birth total population:
65.59 years

male:
64.15 years

female:
67.07 years (2001 est.)		 -
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
73%

male:
85%

female:
62% (1991 est.)		 -
Location Western Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the Equator, west of Gabon body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle
Map references Africa Arctic Region
Maritime claims measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM		 -
Merchant marine total:
39 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 130,843 GRT/149,048 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 3, cargo 21, chemical tanker 1, container 3, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 5, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)		 -
Military branches Army, Navy, Security Police -
Military expenditures - dollar figure $1 million (FY94) -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.5% (FY94) -
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
34,205 (2001 est.)		 -
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
18,043 (2001 est.)		 -
National holiday Independence Day, 12 July (1975) -
Nationality noun:
Sao Tomean(s)

adjective:
Sao Tomean		 -
Natural hazards NA ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May
Natural resources fish, hydropower sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
Net migration rate -3.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -
Political parties and leaders Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA]; Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA]; other small parties -
Political pressure groups and leaders NA -
Population 165,034 (July 2001 est.) -
Population below poverty line NA% -
Population growth rate 3.18% (2001 est.) -
Ports and harbors Santo Antonio, Sao Tome Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)
Radio broadcast stations AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998) -
Radios 38,000 (1997) -
Railways 0 km -
Religions Christian 80% (Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist) -
Sex ratio at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.84 male(s)/female

total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)		 -
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal -
Telephone system general assessment:
adequate facilities

domestic:
minimal system

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)		 -
Telephones - main lines in use 3,000 (1997) -
Telephones - mobile cellular 6,942 (1997) -
Television broadcast stations 2 (1997) -
Terrain volcanic, mountainous central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge)
Total fertility rate 6.02 children born/woman (2001 est.) -
Unemployment rate NA% -
Waterways none -
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